Additionally, uncoupling between vergence and accommodation affects the binocular fusion of the image.
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It has been argued that eye focus cues (accommodation and blur in the retinal image) target the depth of the display (or of the movie screen) instead of the displayed scene, generating unnatural depth perception. The main physiological mechanism involved with the onset of visual fatigue concerns the intense eye accommodation activity of 3D movie viewers, such as focusing and converging.
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Symptoms of visual fatigue induced by images comprise eye discomfort and tiredness, pain and sore around the eyes, dry or watery eyes, headaches and visual distortions such as blurred and double visions, and difficult in focusing (see for a full review).
Previous research on professional exposures to virtual reality systems, vehicle simulators and stereoscopic displays, have reported that several adverse health effects can be induced by viewing motion images, including visual fatigue (also termed asthenopia or eyestrain ) and visually induced motion sickness (VIMS ). Nevertheless, the prevalence of health outcomes on 3D movie spectators appears to be increasing in domestic environments. In Europe, an advisory board set up by the Italian Ministry of Health concluded that “…the national or international literature shows no evidences that the vision of three dimensional movies forces eyes or brain to elaborate (visual) information in a non natural way” (Italian Ministry of Health, Circolare 12486/2010). People with normal binocular vision should not be affected. The American Optometric Association estimated that 3–9 million of Americans have problems in binocular vision and, consequently, in viewing 3D movies. It has been suggested that the viewing of 3D stereoscopic stimuli can cause vision disorders to manifest in previously asymptomatic individuals.
3D) technology and televisions equipped with 3D displays for the home entertainment, there has been an increasing concern about possible side effects on spectators. Following the market expansion of movies filmed with three dimensional (e.g.
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